Resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

Resistance of a wire Essay Fair Testing Definition Fairness implies that the outcome of the activity truly depends on what is being investigated, and is not being distorted by other external factors. Therefore a fair test is one where all the variables are kept constant or the same, except the variable that is being investigated. A variable is anything that can change and which may influence the outcome of the investigation. List of variables   Length of a wire.    Temperature of a wire. Resistivity of a wire.   Thickness of a wire. Person that measures the length.   Person observing the metre readings. Number of variables.   Position of the variable resistor needs to stay constant.   Number of times you do the experiment to get the average.   Apparatus needs to stay the same, so you need to do it on the same day. Statement of fairness To make it a fair test, I am going to keep all the variables the same, except the length which I am going to change. I am going to take the measurements of the voltage and the ammeter readings. Range of Measurements to be taken (for the variable being tested) I will take the ammeter and voltmeter readings of different lengths. The different lengths will be in 10cm increments, from 0cm to 100cm. Experimental Procedure Apparatus: 1. 2 Batteries 2. Voltmeter 3. Ammeter 4. Metre ruler 5. Variable resistor 6. Rheostat 7. 1m wires mounted on a metre ruler 8. Crocodile clips 9. Connecting Wires Diagram: Method: When I set up the apparatus as the diagram above, I will put the slider in the middle of the variable resistor and I wont change its position throughout the experiment. I will get a metre ruler, which has wires mounted on it. I will get the crocodile clips and put one of the clips on 0cm and the other clip on 10cm. I will read the voltmeter reading as well as the ammeter reading. I will then take the other crocodile clip from 10cm and put the clip on 20cm. I again will read the voltmeter and ammeter readings. I will do the same for 30cm, 40cm. 100cm. I will repeat the experiment 3 times so the experiment will be a fair test. Safety Precautions I have thought about the safety precautions and I dont think there are any precautions to take. The wire could get hot if the voltage was too high, but in this particular experiment the voltage is supposed to be low. Results. Results Table Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Length of a conductor (cm) Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (? ) Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (? ) Average Resistance (? ) Results (trends or patterns of observations) From my table you can see that as the length of the conductor increases the resistance and voltage also increase but, the current decreases. Each time the length of the conductor doubles the resistance more or less doubles as well. The average is only really useful when the voltage and current are about the same. If the numbers are not around the same figure the average wouldnt really mean anything. It wouldnt be a true reflection on the other results. Conclusion In the planning part of this investigation I predicted that as the length of the conductor increases the resistance will also increase because the electrons will have more cations, the electrons will find it harder to go from one side to the other side. From my results table you can see that as the length increases the resistance will also increase. When the length goes from 40cm to 80cm, the resistance goes from 3. 96to 7. 95 The reason it happens is that in my theory I stated that the length of a conductor is similar to the length of a hallway. A shorter hallway would allow people to move through at a higher rate than a longer one. Resistance in wire depends on how thick and how long it is, and what it is made of. The thickness of the wire is called its gauge. The smaller the gauge, the longer the wire. Calculation of the percentage errors from the graph Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Length (cm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance (? ) Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance (? ) Average Resistance (? ) Line of Best Fit Difference % error Evaluation How accurate was the investigation? I think the investigation was quite accurate because I repeated the experiment 3 times and the results in the results table were all close to each other. The replicates are close to together, which means I could calculate a representative average. The apparatus was accurate because I had the right amount of everything I needed. However, if the connecting wires were a bit thinner than it would have been an even more accurate investigation. Overall I think the accuracy of the apparatus was good enough for this particular experiment because it is standard and the majority of the schools in England also use this apparatus. I dont think that the method could have lead to any inaccuracies, because everything was more or less accurate. The line of best fit looks perfect and there arent any anomalous results. Was this a suitable procedure? It was a suitable investigation because I got what I expected and it proved my prediction. Also, a lot of people done this investigation like this because it is good. My graph is also good, so I know the suitability of the investigation is positive. Was the evidence sufficient to support a firm conclusion? Yes, because if you look at my graph, it was done to a good degree of accuracy. As the length doubled, the resistance also doubled, so it was reliable. Also the % of error was less than 5. 00% all the time. The replicates are close to the average. I got what I wanted because I did some research so I knew what to expect. How could the investigation be improved? Improvements I would do the experiment more time to get a better average. I would do the investigation 3 times which would mean I could do it on 3 separate graphs with the same apparatus. I would also use a longer wire from 1m to 2m. Further work After doing this investigation, I could investigate another variable such as resistivity (type of wire). I would do the experiment by doing the following; 1. I would set up the apparatus. 2. I would cut 30cm of copper, tungsten, constantan, nichrome and steel wire. 3. I would measure the voltmeter and ammeter readings. 4. I would calculate the resistance. 5. I would repeat the experiment 3 times to get an average voltage and an average current. 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Movie Essay - A Comparison of Satire in Voltaires Candide and the Film

Satire in Candide and Lexx Voltaire's Candide is a story about a young man learning about the realities of the world; realities he never could have believed to happen in life because his education heavily involves the idea that this is the "best of all worlds." Salter Street Films' Lexx is a story about a group of misfit adventurers and the calamity that befalls them after they steal the Lexx, a Manhattan-sized insect with the ability to destroy planets. Though the two stories have more in common than one might expect, given the difference of medium, much more is different between the two, even with satire present in both The first and most obvious difference between Candide and Lexx is the setting of the two. The Earth as visited by the Lexx is, in itself, unrealistic with its portrayal of everything we consider 'normal' being completely outlandish to the crew. It also follows that if the settings are drastically different, the characters must be as well. Kai is not only an assassin and last of the Brunnen-G, but he has been dead for six thousand years. Stanley Tweedle, captain of the Lexx, has seen enough while traveling on the giant insect to know that such is not the case. The characters between the two stories even journey with different methods; while the cast of Lexx travels through the Light and Dark Universes on an insect spaceship, the cast of Candide travels around the Earth on foot or by transportation such as boats. Even the crew of the Lexx travels around Earth not by such methods, but by using the giant Moths grown on their ship. The second, and perhaps most important difference between Candide and Lexx is the methods by which the two stories satirize things. As typical of most mode... ...asm comes when the Lexx has finished its meal and, on its way back to orbiting the moon, lets out a burp and licks its chops. The one exception to season four's satire is the series finale during which, among other things, 790 fools the now-senile Lexx into destroying the Earth. This is the ship's final shot before it passes on of old age. Satire is nothing new. Things have been wrong in the world since recorded history and there have always, and will always be people to criticize the flaws in the way things work. While satire today is often told differently then that of Voltaire's time, the principle is certainly the same. Works Cited Lexx. Screenplays by Paul Donovan, Lex Gigeroff, and Jeff Hirschfield. Sci-Fi channel. Produced by Salter Street Productions. 1997-2002. Voltaire. Candide. Trans. Lowell Bair. Bantam Books. New York, 1959.

Protecting the Environment

After consideration, I would have thought deeper before making a decision. One of the examples is that I will think of other possibilities and ways of disposing an unwanted item. This is because our actions might seem little and can do much harm to the environment but as time passes by and all our actions are added up together and this might cause chaos in the future. Damaging the environment is not a petty issue. Planet earth as we all live in seems to be the only planet that is capable of supporting human life. Once it is damage beyond repair, it might wipe out our species. In the effort of protecting the environment, we will consider the effect of our actions before making decisions. Will our actions do any good to the environment or will it continue to harm the environment? This is the question that must be thought of when taking actions. As we all know, we do not have centuries to go anymore. Scientist around the globe is already complaining about the effect of global warming and the unstable environment that we all have nowadays. We have only a few more decade to go before we totally wipe out the ice berg at the north and south pole. Once the ice is melted, all sort of extreme and outrages weather will occur. Recycling is a very basic but important action that everyone should adopt now. In the wake of global warming right now, it is important that we recycle. The needs to recycle is base on the fact that our natural resources are diminishing . If we do not recycle, factories will have to process the raw material and this will result in more heat release into the environment. A very basic way to recycle is to separate our rubbish into papers, metal and glass. Others waste such as food can be use to make compose. Besides recycling, we will also reuse thing that can be use again such as food containers and shopping bags. Food containers can be kept and put aside. It can be use to keep food when needed. Shopping bags can also be use to carry things when we go shopping. Using shopping bags will eliminate the needs for plastic bags. Many of the plastic bags that most of the shops offer are non biodegradable. This material will not be eliminated unless burned. Once it is burned, it will release a poisonous gas which will cause air pollution. Open burning is also an important issue relating to the environment. It will cause air pollution and also release great amount of heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Open burning is really unnecessary for household because if we manage our garbage well and put it in the plastic bags, the rubbish collector will just bring those garbage away. Burning the forest to open new lands is also unacceptable. This action will cause discomfort to many people and if it is not manage well, the fire will spread and unwanted accident might happen. We should all prevent using the air conditioning at home because it will release a type of gas which will destroy the ozone layer. Once the ozone is destroy, people that stay in that area will get skin cancers. To keep our body cool, we should use fan instead. It does not consume that much electricity as air conditioner and it does not harm the environment. We should also drink more cold water or take cool bath to warm our body when the weather is hot. We should also educate our friends and family about ways to protect the environment. If possible, everyone should get educated. If everyone is focusing to protect the environment, many unwanted disasters will be prevented. In the deontological theory point of view, it can be easily seen that it is everyone’s duty to protect the environment. Everyone must do his part to protect the environment so that the next generations to come will have a better place to live in.

Global Financial Crisis comparative Study of the U.K and Developing Countries - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2089 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Global Financial Crisis: comparative Study of the U.Kand Developing Countries Introduction The recent global financial crisis represents the first major financial crisis in the 21st century. According to Reinhart and Rogoff (2008:2) the crisis involves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“esoteric instrumentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unaware regulatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“skittish investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The crisis began in the United States of America in the summer of 2007 when the U.S and global financial markets found themselves facing a financial crisis and the U.S Federal Reserve System à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Fed found itself in difficulties. (Cecchetti, 2008). Although the crisis began in the United States, virtually every country in the world has witnessed some share of the effects of the crisis as a result of the vast trade and economic relationship between the United States and the rest of the world. For example, a World Bank Working Paper by Ravillon (2008) suggests that the crisis could soon reach à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“deeply into the lives of many of the four fift hs of humanity in developing countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, it is not the interest of this paper to study how the crisis has affected every country of the world. This paperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main objective is to understand how the crisis has affected the U.Kà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy highlighting the main industries that have been hard hit by the crisis. It should be noted that the U.K economy is highly correlated with the U.S economy which indicates that the least shock on the U.S economy is likely to have an equal shock on the U.K economy transmitted through contagion. As a result we expect the U.K economy to have been significantly affected by the crisis. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: section 2 looks at the main industry sectors in the U.K that have been affected by the crisis; section 3 provides suggestions on the course of action available in macroeconomy policy terms to U.K policy makers; section 4 highlights aspects of the crisis that suggest market fai lure; section 5 provides comparisons of the crisis in the U.K and two developing countries; section 6 looks at why developing countries are more vulnerable to the effects of the crisis as well as what can be done to reduce their vulnerability in the short- and long-run; and finally section 7 looks at how the IMF, World Bank, U.N and other similar institutions can help developing countries out of the crisis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Financial Crisis: comparative Study of the U.K and Developing Countries" essay for you Create order Impact of the Financial Crisis on the U.K Economy. As earlier mentioned above, the world witnessed significant crisis recently. The crisis have been mainly because of falling house prices. The main industries that have suffered from the crisis in the U.K include the Financial Services Industry, the Retail Industry and the Automobile Industry. To understand how the Financial Services Industry suffered, we would look at the case of Northern Rock and Bradford and Bingley, two Financial Institutions that were nationalised by the U.K government as a result of the crisis. Keasy and Veronesi (2008) suggest that NR has been the most obvious victim of the changes which have taken place in the financial system over the past 20 years. Northern Rock was one of the U.K highest Mortgage lender. It invested heavily on mortgages originated from the U.S. Northern suffered so much because it ran short of liquidity which came as a result of the fact that it had made a significant number of mortgage loans to borrowers who could not repay. On the contrar y depositors needed repayment of their deposits. Northern Rockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s difficulties were exposed because it approached the Central Bank (the Bank of England for a Loan). As a result, many depositors began demanding their deposits from Northern Rock and the Bank witnessed a Bank Run. (Keasey and Veronesi, 2008; Hall, 2008). Keasey and Veronesi (2008) suggest that the risks faced by banks depend on the quality of the lending and whether they have retained sufficient funds to meet the demands of depositors. In the event where depositors have confidence in the bank, the bank does not need to retain enough funds to meet demand deposits. On the contrary in the event were depositors lose confidence in a bank, the bank may have to retain 100 percent of deposits in cash to meet the demands of depositors. This is exactly what happened to Northern Rock. Its inability to meet its liquidity requirements landed it into trouble. Like Northern Rock, Bradford and Bingley invested heavily in sub-prime mortgage loans with less hopes that the loans would ever be repaid. It was also unable to meet the demands of depositors and as such also witnessed a bank run. (Adams, 2008). The Retail Industry has also suffered because it has been unable to get credit from banks. Despite a bailout by the government, banks have become more and more afraid to provide credit to businesses. As a result the retail industry has been witnessing a liquidity squeeze. Retail Giants like Woolworths have been forced into administration as a result of the crisis. In Like manner the Automobile Industry has been unable to make sales because banks are no longer willing to provide car loans. Automobile plants such as those of Vauxhaul and Land Rover have been forced to suspend operations for some time. One can see that the international financial crisis is really having a significant impact on the U.K economy. Macroeconomic Tools Available The macroeconomic tools available to policy makers in these circumstances include fiscal and monetary policy. As far as monetary policy is concerned, the government needs to devise means of increasing the supply of money in the economy so as to reduce the liquidity squeeze. The policy tools in this case include the purchase of bonds in the open market by the Bank of England, the provision of loans to banks by the Bank of England (in its function as a lender of last resort). Fiscal Policy measures include reducing taxes, increasing government spending, etc. The U.K government has already done much to increase liquidity in the economy. On the 9th of October 2008, the government announced a bailout package of  £500billion to major banks in the U.K. (Winnett and Porter, 2008). In addition, the Bank of England on Thursday 8th January 2009 reduced the bank rate (the interbank lending rate) by 50 basis points from 2 percent to 1.5 percent in a bid to mitigate the recession. (Watts, 2 009). There are also speculations that the central bank and British government may soon feel compelled to undertake a range of extraordinary measures such as figuratively printing money in an effort to stave off the threat of deflation. (Watts, 2009). Aspects of the Crisis that Suggest Market Failure. The aspects of the crisis that suggest market failure are numerous. Firstly, banks were unable to determine that the mortgage loans will not perform well. Moreover, credit rating agencies seem to have rated most of the mortgaged backed securities (MBS) as being of high credit rating and thus made it difficult for banks to detect the inherent default in them. In addition, the regulators failed to regulate the Financial Services Industry properly to ensure that firms in the industry do not involve in too much risk taking. Even when there were signs of a crisis, the Bank of England and the FSA failed to act fast enough to bail Northern Rock out. They allowed the matter to escalate to a point were the bank had to witness a bank run. As earlier mentioned in the introduction Reinhart and Rogoff (2008:2) the crisis involves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“esoteric instrumentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unaware regulatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“skittish investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Esoteric he re indicates that complex financial instruments were created. The risk of these instruments was difficult o determine. Regulators were also unaware of the risks inherent in these instruments and investors lose confidence in the market. Comparison of the Crisis in The U.K and Cameroon/Zambia. The main impact of the crisis on Cameroon is the fact that the demand for exports has began to drop. Cameroon depends a lot on the export of raw materials including timber, rubber, banana etc. There are reports that the timber sector in Cameroon is already facing difficulties. Many contracts to supply timber to a number of European countries have been cancelled and approximately 10,000 workers have been temporarily sent on technical leave. (Nyuylime, 2008). The main difference between Cameroon and the U.K is that Cameroon is still practicing traditional banking policies. Loans are only provided to borrowers who can pay. In addition, the banking system as well as the financial system still remains underdeveloped. So-called esoteric securities are not yet present in the system. Thus, banks in Cameroon are not exposed to the same type of risks that financial institutions in the U.K are exposed to. However, because of Cameroonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dependence on exports of raw materials to European countries that currently face significant financial problems; it could not be left out of the crisis completely. The direct impact of the crisis on Zambia have also be limited. Zambia relies mostly on domestic funding and it has a limited exposure to external lines of credit. Like Cameroon, the main impact has been on exports. Global copper prices have dropped sharply and because copper accounts for a high portion of Zambiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exports, Zambiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s currency has witnessed a significant deterioration of its currency. (Revilla, 2008). The governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fiscal position has weakened because it depends heavily on increased tax revenues. (Revilla, 2008). How developing Countries can Limit Their exposure to Crisis. Developing countries can reduce their exposure to such crisis in the future by reducing their dependence on the export of raw materials. What developing countries can do is to encourage inward foreign direct investment (FDI) into its manufacturing sector that will enable them transform their raw materials themselves. Developing continue to export raw materials at very cheap prices and buy capital goods from Europe at far more expensive rates. By so doing, they will be able to reduce their exposure to external shocks in both the short- and long-run. The Role of the IMF, World Bank and U.N. The IMF and the World Bank can help developing countries by providing them with loans that will help improve on their manufacturing sector. In addition, they need to help developing countries improve on their infrastructure, transport networks and education. They can also help developing countries improve on their financial systems and macroeconomic policies. These are the factors that help in attracting foreign direct investment to the manufacturing sector in particular. By so doing, developing countries can reduce their dependence on export of raw materials. They will rather be transforming the raw materials themselves and their European counterparts will have less power to determine prices for them. This is because falling supply of raw materials will bid up prices. Another problem with developing countries is that they are characterised with a lot of conflicts that need to be resolved. In Africa for example, there is no democracy and the few countries that claim to be practicing democracy are still far from embracing true democracy. The lack of good political structures is hampering the development of sound macroeconomic policies. The U.N needs to play a more influential role to reduce conflicts in developing countries and to install concrete democratic structures in these countries. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, M. (2008). What Bradford Bingley Will Cost Us. Available online at: https://money.sky.com/money/recession/bradford_bingley_public_cost.html Cecchetti, S. G. (2008). Crisis And Responses: The Federal Reserve And The Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008. Working Paper 14134, NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 https://www.nber.org/papers/w14134 Keasey, K., Veronesi G. (2008). Lessons from the Northern Rock affair Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance; Volume: 16; Issue: 1 Hall, M. J.B. (2008)The sub-prime crisis, the credit queeze and Northern Rock: the lessons to be learned Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance; Volume: 16; Issue: 1; Nyuylime, L. P. (2008). Cameroon: Global Financial Crisis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cameroon. Available online at: https://allafrica.com/stories/200810210847.html Ravallion, M. (2008). Bailing out the Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Poorest. Policy Research Working Paper No. 4763. The World Bank Development Research Group. Reinhart, C. M., Rogoff, K. S. (2008). Is the 2007 U.S. Sub-prime financial crisis so different? An International Historical comparison. Working Paper 13761 National Bureau Of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138: https://www.nber.org/papers/w13761 Revilla, J. (2008). Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Zambia. Available online at: https://africacan.worldbank.org/impact-of-the-global-financial-crisis-on-zambia. Watts, W. (2009). Key British interest rate cut to all-time low. Available online at: https://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7BF64C219E%2D1B59%2D43D9%2D954C%2D4303F2645C30%7D