Tips to Get the Right Essay Essay Sample

Tips to Get the Right Essay Essay SampleWriting an exam is a daunting task. It is usually so difficult that most students cannot even finish their tests due to lack of confidence. If you are one of them, there are different ways for you to get the support of academic editors and essay samples.Competent editors will give you their services without paying you a cent. The professionals in this field have years of experience in writing essays. They are used to writing and reviewing the same. So, they know how to structure your question, what to include in your essay and where to locate your error.Now, they can present information in a way that it meets the needs of the student. This is because most students do not have the essential information to understand the questions. Also, many students are really busy with work.You should understand that the majority of students would be searching for essay samples on online forums or discussion boards. You need to have this knowledge before you c ome up with your question and write your essay. You should prepare yourself to face the task because you do not want to miss an important point in your essay.Many students are always looking for something easy and fun, which is what they call too easy. If you provide them with too easy answers, they will not enjoy the written exam because it is like a drudgery.Online article writers and essay samples provide the right guidance to writing excellent papers and essays. This is because they are all experts in what they do.Take advantage of the services of expert essay writers and essay samples who are used to answering the same questions that students usually face. When you get a professional opinion about your essay, you will be confident and contented with your test performance.

Ethics, Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility - Ethical Dilemma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1691 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ethics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Ethics, Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility Ethical Dilemma Contents 1.Situation Overview 2.Dilemma Description 3.Position 4.Actions and Origins 5.Conclusion and Further Dilemmas References 1. Situation Overview 5 years ago I worked as a Compliance Officer for one ethical pharmaceutical companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s representative office in St. Petersburg. It was a real challenge for me as I hadnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t such experience before; and for my company as well à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I was the first Compliance Officer in Russia. On that position my responsibilities included but not limited to the following: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethics, Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility Ethical Dilemma" essay for you Create order Internal consultations on business conduct and ethical matters including support for customer facing colleagues in development and adaptation of clinical, promotional and sales activities to the standards of Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business conduct and applicable Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs); Providing overall support, monitoring and control over implementation of global compliance initiatives, online trainings on Code of Ethical Business Conduct, FCPA, etc. Providing appropriate guidance and education to employees; development and implementation of appropriate training programs for field force and office colleagues to ensure compliance with ethical standards, Corporate procedures and local SOPs on Compliance; Maintenance, improvement and adoption of the SOPs on Compliance, including Local Procedure on interactions with healthcare professionals and government officials, in line with the applicable legislation, global initiatives, Corporate procedures and industry standards (in Russia it is AIPM Code established by Association of International Pharmaceutical Manufacturers); Participation in periodic local audits, pre-audits, corporate internal audits; tracking and reporting of all gaps identified, due diligence projects; Discovering and resolving of the compliance issues; Support for local compliance investigations (review and evaluation of documents and records, personnel interviews, report drafting); Communicate Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business conduct externally to build understanding among customers, competitors, and public; develop a proper compliance communication strategy. So as you can see I was the person wholly responsible for all ethical matters within the Company including everything related to the wide range of ethical dilemmas. 2. Dilemma Description There were a lot of ethical dilemmas that I have faced during my more than one year experience as a Compliance Officer. Obviously most of those situations are still highly confidential so unfortunately I cannot describe them in every detail. But one of these dilemmas was very interesting and didactic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that is why I assume it deserves special consideration. One of the main aims of our representative office was clinical trials conduction; mostly they were a part of global researches initiated by Headquarter. Conducting Clinical research is an ethical challenge itself. At all costs the rights, safety and well being of trial participants and the integrity of trial data have to be ensured. Conducting researches in a global setting is a further challenge. There are cultural differences between different geographical areas and regions; some are obvious, like different languages, religions, customs, governments, manner of clothing etc. There are however many subtle dif ferences which can impact clinical research conditions. I was integrated as an external monitor in one of our research teams conducted clinical study A123456 which was in a phase II, open-label single arm study to investigate the efficacy and safety of one of our molecules (B123456) in patients with advanced C123456 disease which has high level of mortality in the population.B123456 should be administered for a total of 10 cycles, the maximum dose being 250 mg bis in die. I discovered that a 26 year female subject, participating in this study, was suspected of having double dosed her study medication, B123456. The double dosage was marked in the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s diary. But, regardless of that important fact, she claimed to have abided by the protocol. Several questions required answers: Why did the double-dosing appear in the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s diary? Was it a mistake made by the patient? Or was it intended? Did Dr. Ivanov (principal investigator) fail to see the maximum dose of 250 mg bis in die? Or did he à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"empiricallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ prescribe 1000 mg, thereby hoping to achieve a higher response? What at first glance appeared to be an easy-to-solve case, proved to be otherwise. On further scrutiny, conflicting explanations emerged: the patient took the decision independently, however refrained eventually from taking the double dose; the option had indeed been discussed with the Dr. Ivanov, but was never effected. Therefore it appeared in the diary; the patient would terminate the study and double dose via a compassionate use program, hence again the appearance in the diary. Various stakeholders have been involved in this process. First of all, it was the patient. Then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s carers (parents and other relatives). Principal Investigator à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. Ivanov which was friend of mine and there was a potential negative consequences for his professional reputation. All our research team and a lot of external stakeholders. Whole map of stakeholders is below. Actually it was unprecedented ethical dilemma for me. Generally I understood that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"framing a choice as a dilemma between two à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  can itself sometimes be a form of rationalization, obscuring the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that may lurk thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Gentile 2010, p. 176). But there were no alternatives in this case. It was very dangerous and even impossible to keep silent about it. That is why I have decided to start with full investigation of this issue. And I was very limited in time because at least for one of the stakeholders it was a matter of life and death. 3. Position The story is even more so complicated because an additional cycle was initiated since the patient claimed to have lost her study meds; discordant data existed between the Case Report Form and the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s diary; drug counts at the pharmacy were done much too late; the patient presented with elevated liver enzymes and it was unclear whether this was related to the dosing error, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Dr. Ivanov would show me a computed tomography later, revealing liver metastasis the size of half the abdomen. Clearly the enzyme elevations were not drug induced.) There was a potential conflict of interests for me. The group atmosphere within the research team was very friendly. We had a long history of close relationships especially with Dr. Ivanov. And further investigation may negatively impact them. On the other hand I was responsible for Good Medical conduction of the study which means control and absolutely clear reporting of the issues highlighted. Initial point for me as for individual is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ethics is a branch of philosophy and is therefore concerned with formal academic reasoning about right and wrong, but values are the commonsense, often taken-for-granted, beliefs about right and wrong that guide us in our daily livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Fisher 2012, p. 150). In terms of values which were in conflict I would like to mention the opposition into myself of two values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" value of organizational duty and value of patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life. Overall the study team including me could not finally decide whether a (deliberate) progressive disease was made by the principal investigator. This caused difficulty during the subsequent assessment of the potential Qualifying Quality Issue that was reported. 4. Actions and Origins I have arranged a face to face meeting with the Dr. Ivanov to enable further discussion. It appeared the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relatives comprised of physicians. Eminent physicians that is, all of whom had an opinion, and that opinion was not supportive of our study. The patient was urged to seek rescue therapy. Or she could double dose in order to hope for a better response. As this was an end-of-life setting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and the Principal Investigator recently told the patient she was about to die shortly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" she confronted him with these options. Dr. Ivanov found himself in a difficult situation. He confirmed both options presented by the patient; however they would imply study termination, as they violated the protocol. Hence the Principal Investigator initially was confronted with an ethical dilemma: continuing the study, or succumbing to the family pressure, which was now transferred onto his shoulders. In the end, we succeeded in convincing the patient and her partner to stay in the study. Eventually, several weeks later, Dr. Ivanov had decided to withdraw the patient from the study due to her rapid deterioration. She died less than two weeks later. Based on the information that I was able to determine from direct physician to physician discussions, the issue was clarified to the extent possible. In consequence, there was no clear evidence of a progressive disease, and therefore the Qualifying Quality Issue was not confirmed. 5. Conclusion and Further Dilemmas A confidential Monitor to Principal Investigator discussion on site was paramount to clarify as far as possible the situation. Unfortunately, after all, the actual dosing remains inconclusive. A final drug count did suggest a double dosing of 16 days. However, did the patient actually do this? Perhaps it was marked in her diary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to pleaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ her family. The only way we would have certainty about it would be if a blood sample were drawn. Thinking about this case could make us contemplate. Does this happen more frequently? How would we as patients react in such a situation? Would we adhere to the treatment in any way possible hoping to be cured? Or would we abandon it and accept our destiny? As a result of the described ethical dilemma I have initiated an update of the existing Standard Operating Procedure on Clinical Trials. The main point I have added to the SOP is related to the Good Clinical Practice Standards further implementation including cl ear reporting by Principal Investigator on all stages of clinical study. This kind of values should not be formulated in isolation, but built as part of the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s overall strategy (Institute for Leadership and Management 2013, p. 11.) This SOP should prevent situations when for some reason or other Principal Investigator faces ethical dilemmas and makes decisions on his own authority. And that should help him to share responsibility and the burden of decision via stage by stage reporting and straight talk with other research team members. References C. M. Fisher, Alan Lovell, NÃÆ' ©stor Valero-Silva. Business Ethics and Values. Pearson Education, 2012 Mary C. Gentile. Giving Voice to Values. Yale University Press, 2010 Institute for Leadership and Management (2013). Added values: The Importance of Ethical Leadership. Available at: https://www.i-l-m.com/~/media/ILM%20Website/Downloads/Insight/Reports_from_ILM_website/Added%20Values%20Report_Final%20pdf.ashx [July 2014] 1

Nonverbal Communication in Foreign Culture vs My Culture

Find examples of the types of nonverbal communication that are specific to a foreign culture and compare these to your own culture. Analyse how the nonverbal communication of both cultures could impact upon business dealings between the two. Nonverbal communication is the act of communicating without speaking, and instead involves the use of gestures, facial expressions and body language and is an important part of how people communicate, sometimes more powerful than verbal interaction, and makes up a large portion of daily interpersonal communication. Most acts of nonverbal communication are learned behaviour and are done unconsciously. What is considered acceptable nonverbal communication differs from culture to culture – hand and†¦show more content†¦While silence is a valued aspect of communication between Aboriginal people – as it can indicate the desire to be comfortable within a social situation or simply a way of enjoying another’s company – non-Aboriginal people believe that silence can cause embarrassment or indicate that communication has broken down, therefore it is viewed negatively (Aboriginal Benchbook for Western Australian courts, 2002). The variance of nonverbal comm unication that is deemed acceptable by Australians is determined by background, ethnicity and personal opinion, as shown in a broad form between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. Both Chinese and Australian cultures will demonstrate different types of nonverbal communication in regards to business dealings. Generally, Australians will shake the hand of their business partner as a greeting, departing, and possibly as a sign of agreement ending a negotiation. A confident posture or stance is perceived as a professional nonverbal act; typically, this can be defined by standing up straight, pushing your shoulders back and holding your head up – smiling can be acceptable also, or preserve a straight face and maintain eye contact to show interest and attention. It is highly recommended that one does not cross their arms, as this will make them appear unimpressed or â€Å"closed off†, or rapidly tap their fingers or fidget as this is a signShow MoreRelatedChallenges in Cross-Cultural Communication and How to Overcome Them.3559 Words   |  15 PagesAssignment – 01 Challenges In Cross-cultural Communication And How To Overcome Them. Introduction Culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations and norms for behavior. Simply, culture is the integration of what a man does, what he wears, what he eats, what he believes and so on. Cultural background influences the way a man prioritizes what is important in life, helps define his attitude toward what is appropriate in any situation and establishes the rulesRead MoreCross Cultural Communication9880 Words   |  40 PagesCross Cultural Communication: Far East Asian Countries This paper gives a short overview of the observed behavioral pattern across some of the far east Asian countries. Understanding these behavioral patterns is important for doing effective communication with people/people group from these countries. The effective communication holds one of the key of establishing business and personal relationship in these countries. 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This thesis aims to research and analyzeRead MoreBohlander/Snell-Managing Hr24425 Words   |  98 Pagesto grow in the coming years.1 Some of these companies are handling the challenge well. Others are failing miserably as they try to manage across borders. More often than not, the difference boils down to how people are managed, the adaptability of cultures, and the flexibility of organizations. Up until this point in the book, we have emphasized HRM practices and systems as they exist in the United States. This is not so much an oversight on our part as it is a deliberate decision to explain theRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagestechniques, and procedures currently in use for military operations. It is the responsibility of the command to classify SOPs-when in development and when approved-consistent with Army Regulation (AR) 380-5 and to ensure compliance with AR 380-10 for foreign disclosure. Every SOP must have the signature of the approving authority within your chain of command before it is a legal document. Normally, at the squad or platoon level, your commander or his designated representative will be the approving authorityRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesMotivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational

Reginald Horsman’s Race and Manifest Destiny Essay

Reginald Horsman’s Race and Manifest Destiny: The Orgins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism explores the evidence and reasons of racial prejudices in America and discusses one of the most controversial topics in American history. The book also navigates the subjects of white superiority, and the creation of Anglo-Saxonism. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean; it has also been used to advocate for or justify other territorial acquisitions.†¦show more content†¦English scholars proudly wrote how these Germanic people introduced the concepts of freedom, natural law, and popular sovereignty to England. Later, scholars classified these Anglo-Saxons as part of the Caucasian race and linguistically linked them to the family of Indo-European languages. In chapter two â€Å"A ryans Follow the Sun,† Horsman explains another myth of greatness, Anglo-Saxons conjured another falsehood that claimed they were descendants of a great Aryan nation who fled across the mountains of Asia and settled in northern Europe (Horsman 25-41). Just as their descendant’s centuries later, the Aryan nation, in its westward trek, also spread its civilization across Europe, and by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the English laid claim to a superb racial heritage. Chapters three and four deal with British colonists in America that also succumbed to the great myths. Scientists, scholars, historians, philosophers, poets, and writers on both sides of the Atlantic exacerbated these myths of racial greatness. The English proponents of a chosen race revered their institutions as proof of a nation’s greatness and showed how transmitted concepts of liberty, natural rights and popular sovereignty from the woods of Germany served to perpetuate those bastions of liberty. In the process, in both in Britain and America, a transformation occurredShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Noncolor Blind Society1458 Words   |  6 Pagessuperior race, and that only meant certain groups of people. This American paradox connected directly to racism which included prejudice, discrimination, and institutional inequality defined by sociologists Michael Omi and Howard Winant. America is an unequal society destroyed by individual racial discrimination that led to institutional racial discrimination which led to systemic racial discrimination. It all starts with individual racism — one persons opinions or beliefs on someone elses race which

Terrorism Is A Problem With Religion - 2102 Words

The essay will seek to address whether terrorism is a problem with religion. In doing so it is important to define what terrorism and religion are. Although there are many ways of defining terrorism due to it’s complexity, it can be understood as a method of repeated violence random or targeted carried out by groups, individuals or state actors with the goals being either for political or criminal reasons (Lutz and Lutz, 2013). The essay will seek to underpin if religion is the underlying cause of terrorism or is it a common misconception between religion and terrorism. Religion is a structured system that brings people together through particular beliefs (Schmid, 2011). Despite the simplicity of the definition, it was preferred to over†¦show more content†¦This leads on to the topic of suspicious communities which was previously based on the IRA particularly in the 20th century. The Irish republican Army was a group set up to oppose British rule and create an indepe ndent Ireland through fierce violent tactics. However it will be intriguing to figure whether the same approach by police forces exist or is it just a shift in focusing upon a different community in modern and contemporary society. Undoubtedly religion does a play a fundamental role for terrorist organisations. Nevertheless religion is misused as a tool and as an excuse to create division and backlash which develop around other issues which are predominantly political rather than religious. Firstly the rise in terrorist organisations suggests that terrorism is linked to religion in some way or another. Although this idea is widely rejected amongst scholars and academics, terrorism has shifted and becoming more centred by religion. One reason may be the social inequality factor. Individuals may feel they do not possess the required status in society which influences their decision in joining dangerous groups. This may triggered by western involvement elsewhere and foreign policy or false religious propaganda. This could be seen through terrorist groups that have manipulated religious understandings in order to target innocent civilians. Groups such as

The Older Person and Supportive Care Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss the RNs role in Enacting Coordination, Supervision and Delegation of Quality and Safe Functional Care provided by Nonregistered Nursing Staff (ENs and PCAs) in order to Optimise the Functional outcomes of an older resident diagnosed with Dementia. Answer: Introduction Healthcare systems across the globe have continued to increase their demand due to the increasing number of needs among the population. As the demand increases, the concerns for quality health care also increase and especially among the aged population, who as they get older they face increasing challenges in their health status. Australian health care system is not an exception of these challenges and it has been subjected to a series of challenges and especially in the provision of quality healthcare, in the adoption of innovative capabilities and adoption of cost-effective care in the future. In his study Ives Erickson provides that the most affected population is the aging as compared to the middle age and the youth. The aged population has continued to suffer due to increased chronic diseases as they grow old, the increased cost of health care, problems related to technological change as well as the increasing need to improve the equity and accessibility of Australian health care systems (Ives Erickson, Ditomassi, Adams, 2012). These challenges can be addressed through the contribution of the Australian Nurses who are in most cases poses the experience and are capacitated to meet some of these challenges. The proposed reason for nurses to have a great impact in the transformation of the health sector is because, the nursing profession encompasses a wide range of roles such as delivering health care, patient care coordination, advocating for safety and quality improvements among others. Therefore this essay seeks to provide an understanding of the role of Australian registered nurses in acting coordination, supervision, the delegation of quality and safe functional care in their bid to optimize the functional outcomes of the older resident diagnosed with dementia health condition (Street, M et al. 2015). Effective nursing practice can only be achieved if the registered nurses exhibit their leadership qualities towards the non-registered nurses and the care assistants (Elliott, K et al., 2015). Leadership in nursing is, therefore, a fundamental pillar in the achievement of effective and quality health care. Many scholars as seen in the case of Salem et al. (2015) have applauded the role of nursing as alliance builders and hence play a vital role in coordinating and motivating all health care teams, patients and their families in support of patient well-being. They can at any time make initiatives to improve the safety and quality of the health care systems. Research also provides that nursing leadership brings about a great depth of experience and expertise as well as understanding in the health sector. They understand the social, economic and political factors affecting the health sector (Salem et al., 2015). The aged people or patients according to the Australian Nursing council 2015 are cared upon in nursing homes which are generally referred to as Residential Aged Care Facilities. A research by the Aged care Sector, 2015 provides that the health and care needs of the patients or old population living in residential aged care facilities are becoming more complex and acute and other results showing an increase in the number of chronic diseases among the aged population. The Australian Institute of Health and welfare 2016 provides a report which indicates that 50% of the aged population in residential aged care facilities has been found to suffer from dementia, 87% of the aged population required high standards of health care, while 80% of the same population was reported to experience mental related health conditions (Cik Yin et al., 2015). The increase in the percentage rates of the patients in the residential aged care facilities diagnosed with dementia has increased the need for more health care providers and especially the registered nurses due to their expertise and experience in dealing diverse need of the aged populations. Dementia may not be termed necessary as a disease but a combination of symptoms which are caused by brain disorders. Hesseberg et al. (2016) describes that individuals diagnosed with dementia symptoms may experience problems in thinking or proper coordination and ability to do their normal activities such as washing, eating or getting dressed. The condition may be characterized by a number of symptoms such as inability to solve problems and even control emotions. They also experience increased change of personalities and in most cases they may get easily agitated or even see imaginary things as well as increased memory loss. The condition is said and reported to be prevalent among the elderly p eople but cannot be said to be part of normal aging. Registered nurses intervention in this condition will help in improving the symptoms and prevent the treatable conditions causing dementia such as depression and infection. Due to their vast knowledge and skills, specialist such as psychiatrist, geriatricians and neurologist may help in making early diagnosis through assessments. Diagnosis of dementia symptoms requires a combination of tests including taking patients health history, conducting physical examinations as well as conducting mental abilities tests as analyzed by Smith, Ali, Quach, (2015). These dementia patients in the home care facilities were identified to experience increased symptoms of nighttime motor behavioral characteristics, increased depression, anxiety and irritability as well as delusion symptoms. The rapid increase in the number of dementia patients prevalent among the aged populations has been attributed to factors such as the age, increased number of illiteracy and lack of practical social activities for the aged population (Veragiat, et al., 2017). These factors should, therefore, be recognized and appropriate activities established in order to give more focus on the individual and family care needs. Such complexity in the provision of health care to the aged populations has continued to increase the demand for more registered nurses due to their expertise and experience in handling health issues among the aged population in Australia. Mechanisms should be developed or adopted in the case of shortages in order to optimize the contributions of the regis tered nurses in functional outcomes of the aged residents in those Residential Aged Care Facilities (RAFCs) (Jackson et al., 2017). Patient outcomes in the residential aged care facilities in Australia have been attributed to the positive nursing leadership styles employed by the registered nurses. Such a conclusion was based on the fact that the nurse leaders according to the Australian Nursing Council have a unique role of ensuring and promoting patient safety as they engage in the management of a great workforce and encounter a diverse range of interactions with patients. Such results show an increasing demand for services which can support the increased and growing patterns of frailty, dependence and complexity among the aged population in residential aged care facilities (Dwyer et al., 2017). The registered nurses according to the Australian nursing council 2016 are responsible for a number of roles in health care provision and management as well (Ulrich, 2014). The planning and delivery of healthcare services among the aged groups living in Residential Aged care facilities are vested under the hands of the registered nurses. In his study, Ulrich (2014) provides that these nurses can play an influential management role in the residential aged care facilities by through a direct influence on the operational planning, coordination, delivery and monitoring of evidence-based health care practices. They also ensure that the services delivered are quality through blending skills together to treat chronic and acute illnesses as well as in the administration of person-centered nursing care of the residents. Australian registered nurses are also held accountable and responsible for other important health care activities such as providing, managing and overseeing all the nursing care procedures by the non-registered nurses or other care assistants, in offering restorative care, responding to health care emergencies, offering palliative care in aid of pain management among the patients, management of medication practices toward the quality use of medicine guidelines as well as creating and participating in initiatives aimed at control and prevention of infections as observed by Rosenberg et al. (2016). It is also the role of the registered nurses to assess, plan, implement, monitor and evaluate nursing services to establish whether or not the services attain the quality threshold required and how effective are they in meeting the needs of the old aged residents in the care centers. Their professional experience has also placed them in a position to understand and work together with other h ealth care personnel and health care service providers in coordinating, managing and delivering health care in the residential aged care facilities (RACFs) especially those with dementia (Mjorud et al., 2017). The above findings can be used to deduce that the registered nurses role is very key in leading and overseeing safe and most effective care work, as they ensure there is adequate supervision, appropriate delegation of care to other staff such as the care assistants and maintenance and maintaining as well as retaining the overall accountability for provision of quality and coordinated health care (Street et al., 2015). Their study also provides that registered nurses can recognize and facilitate an earlier intervention and management when it comes to changing an individual health status. Such effect reduces risks of worsening the patients condition and the increased need for unplanned admissions to the health care facilities or to the emergency departments. It also provides that such an initiative not only help in maintaining quality health care to the healthcare recipients but also plays a major role in reducing the overall cost to the health system. According to the Australian Colle ge of nursing 2015a, the registered nurses should work together with other general practitioners, health professionals and service providers in the provision of quality care in the residential aged care facilities (RACFs). The international and national research in the acute care sectors indicates a direct correlation between nurse to patient and the patient's mortality rate which provides that the nursing care teams with a higher proportion of registered nurses are associated with a decrease or reduced patients mortality. The main recommendation from the results of that report was that the nursing care teams in the residential aged care systems should have the appropriate number of registered nurses, enrolled nurses as well as the unlicensed health care workers for them to effectively meet the needs and demands of their patients. Such an effect is necessitated by the concerns of the Australian Council of Nurses, which requires that all the aged residents with complex needs in the residential aged care facilities together with their families are entitled to quality, safe and efficient evidence-based professional nursing and health care services. It further recommends that the Australian should recogniz e that the role played by the registered nurses and especially in the provision of health care for the aged populations in nursing homes cannot be substituted by any other category of health care worker (Baldwin, Chenoweth, Dela Rama, 2015). In order to optimize contributions of registered nurses in care homes, it is important to note that, care needs among the aged population as proposed by the Australian care quality commission, have greatly increased as residents become older and in most cases, they end their lives in the care homes. A major problem in the residential aged care facilities has been the shortage of registered nurses and hence bringing an unbalanced ratio of the care needed and the available number of registered nurses which negatively affects the quality of care needed and provided (Godden Pollock, 2011). Such a concern necessitates the management to utilize the available number of registered nurses. Researchers, policy makers and service providers in the health sector proposed that in order to target effectively the resources of registered nurses it is important to understand the scope of duties performed by nurses which could be undertaken by care assistants as well as the non-registered nurses. Such duties can be performed by the health care assistants and even the non-registered nurses with the guidance, coordination, and supervision by the registered nurses. The Nursing and Midwifery Council 2016 also provides guidelines to delegation of nursing activities and specifically on the guidelines relating to administration of medicines. The Australian Nursing Council (2015b) also provides that, when looking or giving considerations as to who can deliver which element of health care among the aged populations and even in general health care for all people, it is important for the hospital or health care systems management to look beyond observable activity or task or health care need. There is a greater need of emphasis on the quality of knowledge, skills, and health workers expertise in undertaking their duties. If care in nursing homes is given under these grounds of expertise then it would be very easy to influence the outcomes of the residents. Conclusion It is also important to understand that, in order to optimize the registered nurses importance and their contribution, we also need to give an eye to the tasks and place more emphasis on the needs of the patients. It is also important to emphasis on the expertise which the registered nurses, the care assistants, and other essential health care personnel add to the nursing practice. Significant efforts should also be made in understanding how the health care practitioners can work together in provision of effective and quality health care. It will be inappropriate for the management or any healthcare provider to underestimate the complexity of the aging patients needs in care homes. Such a health needs necessitates high standards, expertise and nurses commitment from the home care staffs. Their contribution is considered very crucial in enhancing the well-being and functioning of patients as well as the conditions of living for the people in the residential aged care facilities (RACFs ). References Baldwin, R., Chenoweth, L., dela Rama, M. (2015). Residential Aged Care Policy in Australia - Are We Learning from Evidence?. Australian Journal Of Public Administration, 74(2), 128-141. doi:10.1111/1467-8500.12131. Cik Yin, L., Beanland, C., Goeman, D., Johnson, A., Thorn, J., Koch, S., ... Lee, C. Y. (2015). Evaluation of a support worker role, within a nurse delegation and supervision model, for provision of medicines support for older people living at home: the Workforce Innovation for Safe and Effective (WISE) Medicines Care study. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 1-11. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1120. CLINICAL UPDATE. ANMF'S AGED CARE STAFFING AND SKILL MIX PROJECT. (2017). Australian Nursing Midwifery Journal, 24(9), 28-33. Dwyer, T., Alison, A., Dolene, D., Darren, D., Craswell, A., Rossi, D., Holzberger, D. (2017). Evaluation of an aged care nurse practitioner service: quality of care within a residential aged care facility hospital avoidance service. BMC Health Services Research, 171-11. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-1977-x. Elliott, K. J., Annear, M. J., Bell, E. J., Palmer, A. J., Robinson, A. L. (2015). Residents with mild cognitive decline and family members report health students 'enhance capacity of care' and bring 'a new breath of life' in two aged care facilities in Tasmania. Health Expectations, 18(6), 1927-1940. doi:10.1111/hex.12236. Godden, S., Pollock, A. M. (2011). The use of acute hospital services by elderly residents of nursing and residential care homes. Health Social Care In The Community, 9(6), 367-374. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2001.00314.x Ives Erickson, J., Ditomassi, M., Adams, J. M. (2012). Attending Registered Nurse: An Innovative Role to Manage Between the Spaces. Nursing Economic$, 30(5), 282-287. Jackson, T. A., Gladman, J. F., Harwood, R. H., MacLullich, A. J., Sampson, E. L., Sheehan, B., Davis, D. J. (2017). Challenges and opportunities in understanding dementia and delirium in the acute hospital. Plos Medicine, 14(3), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002247. Mjrud, M., Engedal, K., Rsvik, J., Kirkevold, M. (2017). Living with dementia in a nursing home, as described by persons with dementia: a phenomenological hermeneutic study. BMC Health Services Research, 171-9. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2053-2. Rosenberg, B. L., Kellar, J. A., Labno, A., Matheson, D. M., Ringel, M., VonAchen, P., ... IIIMoses, H. (2016). Quantifying Geographic Variation in Health Care Outcomes in the United States before and after Risk-Adjustment. Plos ONE, 11(12), 1-21. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166762. Salem, L., Crocker, A. G., Charette, Y., Seto, M. C., Nicholls, T. L., Ct, G. (2015). Supportive housing and forensic patient outcomes. Law And Human Behavior, 39(3), 311-320. doi:10.1037/lhb0000112. Street, M., Ottmann, G., Johnstone, M., Considine, J., Livingston, P. M. (2015). Advance care planning for older people in Australia presenting to the emergency department from the community or residential aged care facilities. Health Social Care In The Community, 23(5), 513-522. doi:10.1111/hsc.12162. Street, M., Ottmann, G., Johnstone, M., Considine, J., Livingston, P. M. (2015). Advance care planning for older people in Australia presenting to the emergency department from the community or residential aged care facilities. Health Social Care In The Community, 23(5), 513-522. doi:10.1111/hsc.12162. Ulrich, B. (2014). The Responsibility and Accountability Of Being a Registered Nurse. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(3), 241-254. Veragiat, S., Pensuksan, W. C., Suvanchot, K. S., Yooyen, C., Chetkhunthod, P., Sarsanas, P. (2017). Prevalence of Dementia and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms among Elderly Patients Attending Outpatient Departments of Psychiatric Hospitals in Southern Thailand. Walailak Journal Of Science Technology, 14(1), 43-49. Smith, B. J., Ali, S., Quach, H. (2015). The motivation and actions of Australians concerning brain health and dementia risk reduction. Health Promotion Journal Of Australia, 26(2), 115-121. Hesseberg, K., Bentzen, H., Ranhoff, A. H., Engedal, K., Bergland, A. (2016). Physical Fitness in Older People with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Journal Of Aging Physical Activity, 24(1), 92-100.

Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences. Answer: Introduction There are various disciplines like Chemistry, Peace, Literature, Economics, Physics and Medicine, based on which the Nobel Prize is awarded. This prize is given to that person who shows his or her valuable contribution towards a society or an economy (Inglis, 2017). In this context, Nobel Prize on Economics will be discussed. There are various well-known economists who have contributed their valuable works for developing a countrys growth and economics welfare. Each of them has analysed on various economic aspects that will help mankind. They have significant contribution in market analysis, trade, growth and development, poverty and economic welfare. However, among all of these, the most significant concept is environment. Hence, the Nobel Prize will be awarded to that person, who has valuable research and work related to environment. Discussion There are various sectors of economics that are helpful and essential to grow and develop an economy as well a civilization of a country. Before discussing the criteria for giving this prize to someone, history of previous works of Nobel Prize winners is taken under consideration at first. Analysing this history, it can be said that they worked on economic welfare, economic and social structure and development, optimum allocation of resources and so on. Moreover, there were other economic works like policy of stabilisation, problems related to developing countries, controlling economic fluctuations and resource utilisation that had great influence on economy (Frey Gallus, 2017). Hence, those economists, who worked on those sectors, were awarded by this prestigious Nobel Prize. However, at present, these economic conditions of each country have changed over time. Therefore, new sights under economics have generated. Chief Economic Problem at Present It can be said that, at present the chief growing economic problem is changing conditions of environment. Each developed and developing country is suffering from serious environmental problem, that is, global warming. There is an economist, who has worked on climate change and hence deserves this prestigious Nobel Prize. William Nordhaus, a professor of Yale University and also an active economist, is well known for his significant work to develop various economic models and to analyse factors of climate change (Battersby, 2017). He has written various books based on climate change and global warming. In 1972, Nordhaus wrote Is Growth Obsolete? with James Tobin, a fellow professor of Yale University (Folbre, 2015). In this book, Nordhaus has mentioned for the first time, the concept of economic sustainability assessment. Nordhaus has developed Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy model (DICE model) and Regional Integrated Climate-Economy model (RICE model) (Nordhaus, 2014). DICE model is an integrated assessment model based on computer. This model shows an inter relationship between economics, climate and energy use. According to Nordhaus, climate is changing due to intervention of mankind. This change further creates greenhouse gases that deplete ozone layer, deforestation, destroying species by using them in laboratory and gathering nuclear weapons to destroy civilizations and so on (Riahi et al., 2017). Hence, in his model of climate change, Nordhaus has concentrated on those sectors, which are completely depended on unmanaged ecosystems (haus Moffat, 2017). Those unmanaged ecosystems again are completely dependent on rainfall or temperatures and those are very sensitive. The economist worked as Chairman of the National Research Council committee. This committee generated a report that showed the impact of fossil fuel subsidies on emissions of greenhouse gas. In 2016, he wrote a discussion paper where he did his research based on updated DICE model (Nordhaus, 2017). In this research paper, Nordhaus wrote that to control environment it is important to introduce some significant policies related to climate change. Hence it is important to charge a global carbon price. Illustration William Nordhaus has shown different ways to control global warming and change of climate. However, this increasing problem of economy got importance after long times. Hence, there was very limited research on those environmental problems. He wrote a book so that people can see how different market-based approaches could help to make policy based on climate change. Effects of Global Warming and Climate Change Various natural disasters, like Hurricane, drought and tornado, have destroyed economic conditions of developed as well as developing countries. The gross domestic income of those countries decreased significantly due to this reason. Due to changing condition of climate, for example irregular rain fall o flood, agricultural productivity is also affected and as a result, food price is increasing day by day (Wheeler Von Braun, 2013). The chief reason behind this natural disaster is humanbeing. Various activities of people help to increase the amount of greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Expanding civilization and urbanisation affect environment negatively. On the other hand, industries are producing huge amount of carbon that causes air pollution. Those factors are destroying health conditions of people (Welsch Ferreira, 2014). If government does not take any action to control these negative externalities then in near future, human civilisation will be destroyed. William Nor dhaus points out all those major issues and their effects on civilisation in near future. Hence, his research and work is very essential and helpful for people. He introduces the concept of carbon price. If the government charges any price or imposes tax for emission of carbon from a production firm, then it will further reduce the amount of carbon by producing products in a scientific and proper way. Conclusion It can be said in conclusion that William Nordhaus has done a great job. He worked on climate change which is a major economic problem at present for every developing and developed countries. Environment is an important factor of economic welfare. Due to climate change and global warming, various natural disasters can be seen. Those disasters, like, huge rain fall or shortage of rain fall, earth-quake, flood and tsunami can destroy a countrys growth and civilization. Hence, it is important to give huge attention on this issue. It is also very important to control those environmental disasters by implementing various policies and tax. Nordhaus has pointed out all these major issues which will further help an economy. Hence, he deserves the Nobel Prize. Bibliography Battersby, S. (2017). News Feature: Can humankind escape the tragedy of the commons?.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,114(1), 7-10. Folbre, N. (2015). Accounting for care: a research and survey design agenda. In2015 IARIWOECD Conference:W (h) ither the SNA(pp. 16-17). Frey, B. S., Gallus, J. (2017). Towards an economics of awards.Journal of Economic Surveys,31(1), 190-200. Inglis, D. (2017). Creating global moral iconicity: The Nobel Prizes and the constitution of world moral culture.European Journal of Social Theory, 1368431017703642. Nordhaus, W. (2014). Estimates of the social cost of carbon: concepts and results from the DICE-2013R model and alternative approaches.Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists,1(1/2), 273-312. Nordhaus, W. D. (2017). Evolution of Modeling of the Economics of Global Warming: Changes in the DICE model, 1992-2017. Nordhaus, W. D., Moffat, A. (2017).A Survey of Global Impacts of Climate Change: Replication, Survey Methods, and a Statistical Analysis(No. w23646). National Bureau of Economic Research. Riahi, K., Van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., Oneill, B. C., Fujimori, S., ... Lutz, W. (2017). The shared socioeconomic pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview.Global Environmental Change,42, 153-168. Welsch, H., Ferreira, S. (2014).Environment, well-being, and experienced preference(Vol. 367, No. 14). Oldenburg Discussion Papers in Economics. Wheeler, T., Von Braun, J. (2013). Climate change impacts on global food security.Science,341(6145), 508-513.